Of Laconia’s original complement of 2,732, only 1,113 survived. [1], On the outbreak of World War I, Laconia was converted into an armed merchant cruiser in 1914. On 16 September at 11:25 a.m., U-156 was spotted by an American B-24 Liberator bomber flying from a secret airbase on Ascension. The senior officer on duty that day, Captain Robert C. Richardson III, who claimed that he did not know that this was a Red Cross-sanctioned German rescue operation, ordered the B-24 to "sink the sub." This may be so, but the [Second London Naval Treaty] is explicit. [27] It was extremely rare for survivors to be brought on board as space on a U-boat was barely enough for its own crew. During the time that they are engaged in such an operation, enemy submarines are no longer lawful objects of attack.

Ambassador Mrs. Whitelaw Reid christening the vessel. She was powered by six steam turbines of 2,561 nhp, which drove twin screw propellors via double reduction gearing. [17], Coordinates: 04°34′S 11°25′W / 4.567°S 11.417°W / -4.567; -11.417, "Alan Bleasdale returns to BBC after long absence", "Amphibian Patrol Squadrons (VP-AM) Histories: VP-AM-1 to VP-AM-5", Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II, "The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy", "Naval Practices of Belligerents in World War II: Legal Criteria and Developments", Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1942, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laconia_incident&oldid=983012292, Military history of Germany during World War II, Saint Helena and Dependencies in World War II, War crimes by the United States during World War II, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 October 2020, at 18:36. A British officer also messaged the aircraft: "RAF officer speaking from German submarine, Laconia survivors on board, soldiers, civilians, women, children. 1913-06-10 Immigrant Inspection Card - Cunard RMS Laconia. This is the contract of passage that Ludvig purchased from Olaf H. Solem. This wooden hull sits off Ogdensburg’s waterfront at about a 52 ft. depth with a noticable current.... SS Pendleton I never saw her again. This wooden hull sits off Ogdensburg’s waterfront at about a 52 ft. depth with a noticable current.... SS Hat Creek - A T2-SE-A1 tanker of the same build and class as Pendleton. In October her passenger accommodation was dismantled and some areas filled with oil drums to provide extra buoyancy so that she would stay afloat longer if torpedoed.

1920s Cunard to Liverpool via Cobh (Queenstown). [29] Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, the wartime commander-in-chief of the US Pacific Fleet, provided unapologetic written testimony on Dönitz's behalf at his trial that the US Navy had waged unrestricted submarine warfare in the Pacific from the very first day the United States entered the war. One, which began the journey with 68 people on board, reached the African coast 27 days later with only 16 survivors. Denis Beauchamp Lisle Foster, who was stationed in Malta. Irvine of the Laconia, was returning from the United States to England. She was the first Cunard ship of that name.

At 6 a.m. on 13 September, Hartenstein broadcast a message on the 25-metre (82 ft) band in English—not in code—to all shipping in the area, giving his position, requesting assistance with the rescue effort, and promising not to attack.

You can click on any of the names for possible additional information. Irvine was ready at any minute to fly the Norwegian flag. The Naval War College journal, International Law Studies, covers interpretations of international law during armed conflicts and how these laws were applied by each party. There was a crew of 217 and she was carrying 75 passengers, of whom 34 were first class and 41 second class passengers. Your comment will appear after being approved. Gladys was the wife of Chaplain to the Forces the Rev.

At the time of the incident she was transporting mostly Italian prisoners of war from Cape Town to Freetown, under the command of Captain Rudolph Sharp. Tourist Third Cabin replaced the old Third Class on the Cunard Steamships, the refinished accommodations attracted students, professors, young business people, and bargain-hunters filling the cabins left mostly empty from the decline of the immigrant trade. I have been reluctant to write the story of our experiences, but in answer to many requests I have done so; and if it strengthens someone’s faith, if it is an inspiration to any, if it brings home to others, hitherto untouched, all that 'those who go down to the sea in ships' face for our sakes, hour by hour, day by day, year in and year out – it will not have been written in vain". 1913-10-06 RMS Laconia Private Dinner Party Menu. The evidence further shows that the rescue provisions were not carried out and that the defendant ordered that they should not be carried out.

Neither the US pilots nor their commander were punished or investigated, and the matter was quietly forgotten by the US military. 4 52 S 11 26 W. German submarine. The survivors crowded on the submarines' decks and the towed lifeboats, as the B-24 made several deadly attack runs on U-156. On 8 November, the Allied invasion of North Africa began liberating the survivors, who were taken aboard the ship Anton which landed them in the United States. Like her predecessor, sunk during the First World War, this Laconia was also destroyed by a German submarine. Some photographs of Cunard ships, offices, docks/piers, Boston Landmarks, and a Railroad advertisement. The event changed the general attitude of Germany's naval personnel towards rescuing stranded Allied seamen. [15], Ignoring "Commander" Hartenstein's request that they stay in the area to be rescued by the Vichy French, two lifeboats decided to head for Africa. The Laconia was a British passenger ship. "[8], The head of submarine operations, Admiral Karl Dönitz, immediately ordered seven U-boats from the wolfpack Eisbär, which had been gathering to take part in a planned surprise attack on Cape Town to divert to the scene to pick up survivors. Be ready to submerge for action against the enemy. The Laconia (I) had a short service life, torpedoed by the Germans in 1917. She spent the first six months of 1940 escorting convoys on the US side of the Atlantic before running aground in the Halifax harbour. Secrets of the Silver Queen refered to the silver (worth over $100 million) the Laconia was carrying at the time she was sunk. Some estimates of the death toll have suggested that over 1,649 people were killed when the Laconia sank. Her maiden voyage was on 20 January 1912 between Liverpool, Boston and New York, on 3 February she made her first voyage between New York, Naples and Fiume. Originally built for the Liverpool to Boston and New York route. In volume 65, chapter three: "The Law of Naval Operations", the Laconia incident is examined in the context of the application of international law to World War II submarine warfare: The person who issued the order to attack and the aircraft commander who carried it out are both prima facie guilty of a war crime. By this time, the ship's stern deck was awash. The respective commanders chose not to cast any survivors adrift. To their surprise, they saw over 2,000 people struggling in the water. 1913-05-13 Agents' Record - Cunard Line Third Class. The RMS Laconia had been converted to an armed troopship and was carrying some troops, mostly Poles, to guard the Italian prisoners of war aboard. Instead, most of the casualties were bayoneted. I picked up 193 men. On the first run the bombs failed to drop, U-506 crash dived and on the second run the B-24 dropped two 500 pounds (227 kg) bombs and two 350 pounds (159 kg) depth charges but they caused no damage.

The way was crowded with foot fares, more than 2.000 Belgians and Americans, some transporting their baggage on wheelbarrows. Ships Featured: Britania, Franconia, and Laconia. It was torpedoed by a Nazi U-boat (U-156) commanded by Korvettenkapitän Werner von Hartenstein in September 1942 as it was sailing for England. The other was rescued by a British trawler after 40 days at sea.



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