Find out If It Is Safe to Get a Suntan During Chemotherapy. Table 2.

Among women with breast cancer, about 75 percent are deficient in vitamin D. A 2018 review found that women who have adequate blood vitamin D levels are less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer; those who already have breast cancer are less likely to experience a recurrence of the disease if their vitamin D levels are sufficient.

The Institute of Medicine guidelines suggest that individuals are at risk of vitamin D deficiency if 25(OH)D concentration is below 30 nmol/L, inadequacy at serum 25(OH)D concentration between 30 and 50 nmol/L, and individuals are considered sufficient at concentration 50 nmol/L or higher.2 In contrast, the Endocrine Society guidelines defined that 50 nmol/L is a cutoff value for vitamin D deficiency and the sufficient concentration exceeds 75 nmol/L.3, Breast cancer has been considered as the most common type of cancer among the women within 161 countries, and the most common cause for cancer deaths, within 98 countries.4 Known and well-established risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, the density of breast tissue, parity, overweight, alcohol intake, and genetic risk factors such as BRCA mutations.5 Recently, vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes were reported to increase breast cancer risk.6 Several molecular breast cancer subtypes have been identified: luminal A and B (accounting for 50%-60% of breast cancer cases), basal-like or triple-negative (10%-20% of breast cancer cases) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched (10%-15% of cases).7 Vitamin D receptor genes operated by vitamin D have important roles in the mammary gland through regulation of calcium transport during lactation, hormone differentiation, and milk production.8 Many efforts and enormous research have been directed toward identifying vitamin D as a breast cancer risk factor to be targeted for cancer prevention. Here's why a stage 4 breast cancer diagnosis can be so frightening. The different finding of this study from the previous other meta-analysis studies may be explained by different settings, different enrolled populations, and differences in the adjusted levels. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in.  | 

By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. This includes pregnant women. Method evaluation study of a new generation of vitamin D assays, The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know, Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline, The correlation of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency with risk of breast neoplasms: a systematic review, Plasma vitamin D levels, menopause, and risk of breast cancer: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies, Association between vitamin D receptor (Cdx2, Fok1, Bsm1, Apa1, Bgl1, Taq1, and Poly (A)) gene polymorphism and breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Vitamin D receptor regulates autophagy in the normal mammary gland and in luminal breast cancer cells, Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in breast and renal cancer: current state and future approaches (review), Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of breast cancer in women followed over 20 years, Chemoprevention of hormone receptor-negative breast cancer: new approaches needed, Meta-analysis of vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer, Pre-diagnostic vitamin D concentrations and cancer risks in older individuals: an analysis of cohorts participating in the CHANCES consortium, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2015;25:203–212. Matthews, D, LaPorta, E, Zinser, GM, Narvaez, CJ, Welsh, J. Slatter, ML, Yakumo, K, Hoffman, M, Neuhausen, S. Alimirah, F, Peng, X, Murillo, G, Mehta, RG. Using sunscreen typically doesn't prevent the sun's effect on vitamin D synthesis, but it's best to limit time in the sun under any circumstances due to the risk of skin cancer. Another meta-analysis of 8 studies did not show any significant association between Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, VDR polymorphism, and breast cancer risk (Table 2).45 The VDR polymorphism case-control studies (Table 2) showed different associations between different VDR polymorphisms and breast cancer risk among different populations: ApaI and TaqI confer high breast cancer susceptibility among Egyptian women,46 Taq1 among Jordanian women,47 Bsma1 among Pakistani women,48 and poly(A) microsatellite among Iranian women.25 BsmI but not Fok1 was associated with the risk of breast cancer among Iranian women.49 However, Shaikh et al50 in their mini review compare the impact of VDR gene polymorphisms, Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, and poly(A), on the development of breast cancer and showed inconsistent results, with no conclusive statements about the significance of the VDR genotype on breast carcinoma development (Table 2). New login is not successful because the max limit of logins for this user account has been reached.

Steps you can take The two most reliable ways to boost your vitamin D level: get more direct sunlight exposure and take vitamin D3 supplements. The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. The VDR gene lies on the long arm of chromosome 12 (12q12-14), with more than 200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms verified in it.41 The most common studied allelic variants within VDR were as follows: FokI (T/C) in exon II, BsmI (A/G) and ApaI (C/A) between exon VII and IX, TaqI (T/C) variant in exon IX,42 and poly(A).43 Reports show which of these polymorphisms associated with breast cancer are inconsistent (Table 2). The reason for lack of support between 25(OH)D levels and breast cancer risk in most RCTs is the poor design of some RCTs.

; Endocrine Society. Vitamin D regulates the transcription of more than 60 genes that are responsible for antiproliferative, prodifferentiating, antimetastatic, and proapoptotic effects on cells.8,13 Decreased serum vitamin D levels result in enriched cellular growth, neoangiogenesis, and cancer development, and VDR knockout mice showed higher rates of preneoplastic mammary lesions.40 A recent study7 suggests that a potential mechanism underlying the link between vitamin D levels and breast cancer is by regulating autophagy within both normal mammary epithelial cells and luminal breast cancer cells. Top Navigation. Please check you selected the correct society from the list and entered the user name and password you use to log in to your society website. PLOS One. The authors note their findings were consistent with other literature suggesting better overall survival among patients with higher 250HD levels. eCollection 2020. Similar results have been reported by Colagar et al,25 Bertrand et al,26 Reimers et al,27 and Kim et al.28 The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in breast cancer population has ranged from 23% to 95.6%.4 Jamshidinaeini et al18 found that women in the fourth quartile of serum 25(OH)D level had 3 times lower risk of developing breast cancer compared with those in the first quartile. They reported that women with 25(OH)D concentration more than 20 ng/mL had 67% lower risk of any invasive cancer compared with serum 25(OH)D less than 20 ng/mL.22 Lappe et al24 found in a randomized clinical trial among healthy postmenopausal women with a mean baseline serum 25(OH)D level of 32.8 ng/mL, supplementation with vitamin D3, and calcium compared with placebo did not result in a significantly lower risk of cancer at 4 years. Vitamin D and breast cancer: is there a link? 2019 May;8(5):1706-1714. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_197_19. The unadjusted and adjusted ORs for breast cancer in cases and controls showed a statistically significantly increased risk of breast cancer. They suggested that elevated serum 25(OH)D through the sun exposure and dietary intake more than 400 IU per day vitamin D supplementation decreased breast cancer risk and recurrence. Shaukat, N, Jaleel, F, Moosa, FA, Qureshi, NA. Am J Clin Nutr 2015, 102:966-973. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.104323, Krishnan, A, et.al. This is because circulating vitamin D levels (levels ≥45 ng/mL) may protect against breast cancer9 and because breast cancer chemoprevention drugs that alternate the carcinogenesis process such as estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitor have high toxicities and not effective in the aggressive estrogen receptor–negative (ER−) breast cancers.10. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D level had a significant inverse association with metastatic breast cancer.34 Low vitamin D levels were associated with advanced stages of the disease, tumor size, and grade in postmenopausal patients,34 as well as in premenopausal women with triple-negative cancer.35 Insufficient and deficient 25(OH)D levels had a higher proportion of tumors with locally advanced and metastatic disease, more positive lymph node, a lower proportion of ER-positive, progesterone receptor–positive tumors, and higher Ki-67.36 Normal vitamin D patients had a higher frequency of luminal A (47.7%) and luminal B (32.2%) tumors when compared with patients with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.36 Similar results were reported by a South Korean study, which showed a significant association between low levels of 25(OH)D and poor outcome in breast cancer and triple-negative tumors.37 By contrast, no relationship between serum vitamin D levels and any of the tumor prognostic features was shown by the study conducted by Imtiaz et al.38 This inconsistency among different studies may be related to differences in sample sizes and limitations of demographic data related to ethnicity and lifestyle. Medicine. McDonnell et al22 in their pooled analysis of the randomized trial and prospective cohort study (Table 1) support this inverse association between 25(OH)D concentration and risk of breast cancer and highlighted the importance of cancer prevention by achieving 25(OH)D substantially above 20 ng/mL. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov. Should You Worry About Melanoma If You're Young? سال نشر: 2017 | تعداد ارجاع: 50 SAGE Publications Breast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Research. For breast cancer–controlled studies, case-control studies consistently find an inverse correlation between 25(OH)D and breast cancer risk.15,16 Bilinski et al15 showed that 25(OH)D concentration below 75 nmol/L at diagnosis was associated with a significantly higher risk of breast cancer. What is Ovarian Suppression Therapy and When is it Used? In: StatPearls [Internet]. Skin exposed to sunshine can make vitamin D, and vitamin D can also be obtained from certain foods. Table 1.

Vitamin D deficiency is typically caused by inadequate cutaneous synthesis secondary to decreased exposure to sunlight. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The current recommended daily allowance of vitamin D for people ages 1 to 70 is 600 international units (IU). سفارش ترجمه مقاله و کتاب - شروع کنید. Get honest information, the latest research, and support for you or a loved one with breast cancer right to your inbox. Vitamin D deficiency is a serious health problem with numerous health consequences; it is associated with diabetes, rheumatic arthritis, Parkinson, Alzheimer diseases, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and fractures in adults and cancers. The menopausal status may be another factor associating with vitamin D status and VDR polymorphism must also be considered. Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and breast cancer risk in an Australian population: an observational case-control study, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and increased risk of breast cancer among Korean women: a case-control study, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and colorectal adenomas: case-control versus nested case-control studies, Vitamin D status and risk of breast cancer in Iranian women: a case-control study, Association between vitamin D deficiency and breast cancer, Calcium and vitamin D supplements and health outcomes: a reanalysis of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) limited-access data set, The influence of health and lifestyle characteristics on the relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with risk of colorectal and breast cancer in postmenopausal women, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations ≥40 ng/ml are associated with >65% lower cancer risk: pooled analysis of randomized trial and prospective cohort study, Randomized controlled trials of vitamin D and cancer incidence: a modeling study, Effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on cancer incidence in older women: a randomized clinical trial, Vitamin D receptor poly(A) microsatellite polymorphism and 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels: association with susceptibility to breast cancer, Premenopausal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, mammographic density, and risk of breast cancer, Vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and breast cancer risk, Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is associated with decreased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in whites: a nested case-control study in the multiethnic cohort study, Role of vitamin D deficiency and lack of sun exposure in the incidence of premenopausal breast cancer: a case control study in Sabzevar, Iran, Serum vitamin D, risk of breast cancer within five years, Vitamin D status at breast cancer diagnosis: correlation with tumor characteristics, disease outcome, and genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency, Vitamin D deficiency in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early and advanced breast cancer, A survey on the relationship between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level and tumor characteristics in patients with breast cancer, Association of serum level of vitamin D at diagnosis with breast cancer survival: a case-cohort analysis in the pathways study, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor breast cancer prognostic features in postmenopausal women, Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with poor outcomes in patients with luminal-type breast cancer, Vitamin-D status at breast cancer diagnosis: correlation with social and environmental factors and dietary intake, Vitamin-D receptors in breast-cancer cells, Genomic vitamin D signaling in breast cancer: insights from animal models and human cells, Sunlight, polymorphisms of vitamin D-related genes and risk of breast cancer, Variants of the VDR gene and risk of colon cancer (United States), Functional significance of vitamin D receptor FokI polymorphism in human breast cancer cells, Association of the vitamin D receptor FokI gene polymorphism with sex- and non-sex-associated cancers: a meta-analysis, Vitamin D receptor polymorphism and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis, Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in an Egyptian population, Association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentration and TaqI vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism among Jordanian females with breast cancer, Association between the Bsml polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene and breast cancer risk: results from a Pakistani case-control study, Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism: association with susceptibility to early-onset breast cancer in Iranian, BRCA1/2-mutation carrier and non-carrier patients.



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