The word ‘race’ has been sometimes used to denote the classification of human beings on the basis of the skin’s colour such as black race or white race. They are biologically inherited along with such physical characteristics as eye, skin and hair colour. Like race, the term ethnicity is difficult to describe and its meaning has changed over time. Minority groups are defined by their lack of power. Removing #book# Race is fundamentally a social construct. Sometimes it has been frequently confused with language, as well as with religion, for example, we speak of Aryan race. In the United States, recent immigrants have frequently been the scapegoat for the nation’s—or an individual’s—woes.

The idea of race refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant, while ethnicity describes shared culture. Historically, the concept of race has changed across cultures and eras, and has eventually become less connected with ancestral and familial ties, and more concerned with superficial physical characteristics.

!n determining race, physical traits are examined but it is often very difficult to be certain that the differences of traits are due to heredity and not to environmental modifications as well.

Although some scholars have attempted to establish dozens of racial groupings for the peoples of the world, others have suggested four or five. She is the daughter of a black man (Quincy Jones), and her best-known roles include Ann Perkins on Parks and Recreation, Karen Filippelli on The Office, and Zooey Rice in I Love You Man, none of whom are black characters. Explore aspects of race and ethnicity at PBS’s site, “What Is Race?”: http://openstaxcollege.org/l/PBS_what_is_race. According to Penniman, race is a genetic class in which there are many indefinite and mutually related genetic characteristics, by means of which it can be distinguished from other classes, and on the basis of which the conditions of continuous separation among its offspring and future generation can be distinguished.

Race is one of those terms which are used with a variety of meanings. For example, the category ”negroid,” popular in the nineteenth century, evolved into the term “negro” by the 1960s, and then this term fell from use and was replaced with “African American.” This latter term was intended to celebrate the multiple identities that a black person might hold, but the word choice is a poor one: it lumps together a large variety of ethnic groups under an umbrella term while excluding others who could accurately be described by the label but who do not meet the spirit of the term. As an example, the United States is exceptionally diverse, with people representing groups from all over the globe, but lacking in true pluralism. (ii) The principal diameter of the body, stature, chest and shoulders; (iii) The form of the head, especially the length and breadth of the skull, the face, and length and breadth of the nose; heads are classified into (i) Dolichocephalic, (ii) Meso-cephalic, (iii) Brachycephalic. Among the physical traits that are generally taken into consideration, following are the important ones: (i) The form, colour and distribution of the hair on the head, the face and the body; hair forms are grouped as: (i) Leiotrichy (soft straight hair) as of the Mongols and Chinese; (ii) Cymotrichy (smooth curly hair) as of the inhabitants of India, Western Europe, Australia and North East Africa and.

Graves, Joseph. This culture might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities. “The Problem of Minority Groups.” The Science of Man in the World Crisis, edited by R. Linton: 347. Language and religion are cultural concepts and, therefore, on their basis race a physiological concept cannot be accurately defined.

These definitions correlate to the concept that the dominant group is that which holds the most power in a given society, while subordinate groups are those who lack power compared to the dominant group.

1951. Ethnicity refers to shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions that set apart one group of people from another. Over time, the typology of race that developed during early racial science has fallen into disuse, and the social construction of race is a more sociological way of understanding racial categories. 2003. World Health Organization. When anthropology was first developing, it was thought that head form was the best criterion of race, since the skull approaches its full growth early in life and was not subject to environmental changes. For example, ethnic groups such as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian might all be groups whose members are predominantly included in the “white” racial category. Additional examples of minority groups might include the LBGT community, religious practitioners whose faith is not widely practiced where they live, and people with disabilities.

All rights reserved. Scapegoat theory, developed initially from Dollard’s (1939) Frustration-Aggression theory, suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group. Homo Sapiens in which the similar heredity which the whole species has in common far outweighs the relative and minor ways in which the sub-groups differ.” According to A.L. According to Linton, a race consists of a “number of breeds which share certain physical characteristics.” It is a collection of individuals who share in common “certain observable physiological traits transmissible by biological inheritance.” MacIver observes, “The term ‘race’, when properly used, signifies a biological category. Ideally, countries strive for pluralism, where people of all ethnicities and races remain distinct but have social equality. An example from the last century is the way Adolf Hitler was able to blame the Jewish population for Germany’s social and economic problems. Race a Biological Concept: This confusion arises as a result of failure to realize that race is not a sociological term but is distinctly a biological and anthropological concept. 1939. In this chapter we focus on racial and ethnic minorities. It’s worth noting that race, in this sense, is also a system of labeling that provides a source of identity; specific labels fall in and out of favor during different social eras. Since the nineteenth century, sociological perspectives on race have developed and changed, always reflecting shifts in large-scale political processes.

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